Today in Labor History January 17, 1873: A group of Modoc warriors defeated the U.S. Army in the First Battle of the Stronghold. The battle was part of the Modoc War. Captain Jack (Kintpuash) led the Modocs. The Lava Beds near Tule Lake were a natural fortress, with hundreds of caves and tunnels that were well-known to the Modocs. There was a dense fog. The soldiers couldn’t see, yet they proceeded anyway. Modoc sharpshooters hid in crevasses and picked off U.S. soldiers, one by one. In all, the Modocs killed thirty-five U.S. soldiers. And the army killed two Modoc women and two of their children. Eventually, the army brought in more troops and surrounded the Modoc camp. But Captain Jack snuck everyone out through secrets tunnels. The army pursued them for months and finally captured them. They hanged Captain Jack and donated his head to the Army Medical Museum in Washington. They later transferred it to the Smithsonian, where it remained until 1984.