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#Diplomat

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However, al-Ḥāǧǧ Yūsuf’s profile is closer to the trans-Saharan trader, who travelled back and forward than a professional #diplomat in a modern sense.

Moreover, sources indicate that he travelled in company with other traders. According to Dewière, “In Saharan context, many traders were jurists and vice-versa.The religious and legal knowledge of Yūsuf must have been of great help for performing his business.”

al-Ḥāǧǧ Yūsuf might have gained from these missions, too. He probably used this charge to enlarge his social and economic capital and credit, as Dewière suggests. Thanks to these missions, he was able to reach Istanbul, Fes and Marrakesh and to establish contacts beyond Borno’s networks. (4/5)

#emdiplomacy #NewDiplomaticHistory #BlackHistoryMonth #history #Africa #OttomanEmpire #histodons #earlyModern

@histodons @earlymodern @historikerinnen

Nguyễn Thị Bình (born 26 May 1927), also known as Madame Bình & Mother of Vietnam, is a South #Vietnamese #revolutionary leader, #diplomat & #politician. She became internationally known for her role as the #VietCong (NLF)'s chief diplomat & leading its delegation to the Paris Peace Conference. She later served in the government of reunified Vietnam after the Fall of Saigon & became the country's Vice President in 1992. She is the first woman in Vietnamese history to be appointed a cabinet minister.

Nguyen Thi Binh was the only woman to sign the Paris Agreement on Ending the War & Restoring Peace in Vietnam on 27th January 1973. South Viet Nam was liberated on 30th April 1975 & the two parts of Vietnam were finally brought together in 1976 as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

In her memoirs, she said: “My own life, in concert with the life of our nation, has helped me understand that seizing political power and demanding independence were extremely difficult, particularly when opposing colonialists and imperialists. However, maintaining political power and building a nation…is much more difficult.”

At Hanoi Peace Conference in November 2022, she stated:

“Having suffered numerous sacrifices, pain and loss during decades of struggle against foreign aggression and for peace, independence and freedom, the people of Vietnam deeply appreciate the value of peace,” she told those gathered. Warning that the danger of wars, including a nuclear catastrophe, is greater than ever before, she stressed the vital importance of “rallying and uniting peace forces and movements” to halt aggression and build a world of peace and justice for all.

Ref: Nguyen Thi Binh. Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography (3rd ed.). Boston: Northeastern University Press. 1999. ISBN 978-1-55553-421-9.

Ref: Brigham, Robert K. (2011). "Nguyen Thi Binh". The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2nd ed.). ISBN 978-1-85109-961-0

Ref: Hy V. Luong (2003), Postwar Vietnam: dynamics of a transforming society, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0847698653

#emdiplomat of the day: Nils Brunell Örncrona (1673-1734)

Although we have been presenting a #diplomat every day for the last three weeks, we are not running out of ideas and have more interesting examples of diplomatic actors to fill the last few days before the holidays.

Today we want to introduce you to Nils Brunell who became a registrar at the Swedish royal chancery after he had concluded his studies at the university of #Uppsala in 1702. It was chancellor Axel Oxenstierna (1583-1654) who introduced the requirement of university studies for future civil servants in #Sweden. (1/5)

#emdiplomacy #NewDiplomaticHistory #adventCalendar #adventCalendar2024 #histodons #history #earlyModern

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

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However, Chigi felt sorry for himself during his stay in #Westphalia and did not hesitate to tell his employer about the hardships he had to endure. These expressions of suffering were not only testimonies of a #emdiplomat’s feelings but also served a communicative purpose. By reporting on and emphasising his own hardships, the #diplomat was able to present himself as a loyal servant of his master who gave everything to fulfil his mission. This in return could strengthen his relationship with his master, advance his career or lead to other favours. To make his reports more vivid, he even enclosed a slice of pumpernickel in one of his letters.

If you want to read more of Chigi's thoughts, you can find his diary from the #WestphalianPeaceCongress within the Acta Pacis Westphalica series:

apw.digitale-sammlungen.de/sea

(4/4)

#emdiplomacy #NewDiplomaticHistory #HistoricalPeaceStudies #histodons #adventCalendar #adventCalendar2024

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

apw.digitale-sammlungen.deAPW - StartStart
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Like many other #emdiplomats he then moved from administration to #emdiplomacy. Alexander von Greiffenklau zu Vollrads’s diplomatic career started with less important missions to #Prussia and as the Emperor’s representative at the Polish #court. In 1643 he was appointed Imperial resident minister at the #HighPorte, where he died in 1648.

It is, however, interesting that the #Emperor in contrast to other European powers such as #France or #England only dispatched a resident, a lower rank #diplomat to #Constantinople. The unclear positions of residents within the hierarchy of #emdiplomacy led to permanent ceremonial conflicts with other #diplomats there. (3/6)

#NewDiplomaticHistory #earlymodern #history #histodons #Poland #OttomanEmpire #adventCalendar #adventCalendar2024

@histodons @historikerinnen @earlymodern

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His career as a Swedish #diplomat came to an end in the 1680s due to a conflict with members of the Swedish government on the state’s foreign policy. In 1687 #Pufendorf finally requested his resignation.

Already the following year he entered into Danish service and was dispatched to the #PerpetualDiet in #Regensburg as representative of the Danish king.

However, although it was not unusual for #earlymodern state servants and #emdiplomats to change employer, the Swedish government resented Pufendorf’s decision, probably because he chose Sweden’s fiercest rival. As a consequence, the Swedish Supreme court issued a verdict the year after Pufendorf’s death in which he was declared deprived of his land, property and life. (4/5)

#emdiplomacy #HRE #NewDiplomaticHistory #histodons #history #AdventCalendar #AdventCalendar2024

@histodons @earlymodern @historikerinnen

#emdiplomat of day: Esaias Pufendorf (1628-1689)

You may know the famous #philosopher Samuel #Pufendorf, but have you ever heard of his older brother?

The German born Esaias Pufendorf served the rivalling kings of #Denmark and #Sweden as a #diplomat. His case illustrates that a post as #emdiplomat did not depend on nationality but loyalty. (1/5)

#NewDiplomaticHistory #earlyModern #history #histodons #AdventCalendar #AdventCalendar2024

@histodons @earlymodern @historikerinnen

#emdiplomat of the day: Sir George Etherge (ca. 1635- ca. 1692)

Sir George Etherege (ca. 1632-1692) was not only a dramatist but an #earlymodern #diplomat as well. The fact that Etherege worked as a legal assistant and even received training to become a barrister indicates that earning his living through writing was nothing that was initially planned. However, his literary successes offered him the opportunity to pursue a diplomatic career. (1/4)

@earlymodern @historikerinnen @histodons #history
#emdiplomacy #AdventCalendar #AdventCalendar2024

Know your #emdiplomat!

As we argue in the introduction to our #earlyModern #diplomacy handbook, a #diplomat is not a diplomat is not diplomat.

However, there was a broad variety of #emdiplomats. In the past, research was exclusively concentrating on official diplomats while ignoring informal actors. Since the renewal of diplomatic #history with its actor-centred approach this has changed, bringing to our attention more and more differing groups of actors who could act diplomatically.

This year’s #adventcalendar therefore introduces you to the many #emdiplomacyFaces one can meet when working on early modern diplomacy. Each day until 24 December we will present short #biographies on early modern diplomats.

This is only possible thanks to the work of Marcus Gründlinger, our student assistent, who supported us in preparing the posts of the #emdiplomacyAdventcaldendar!

#histodons #NewDiplomaticHistory @histodons @earlymodern @historikerinnen @womenknowhistory